Welcome to the second part of my tutorial series. In this post we’ll see how to use the Quagga Software Suite for dynamic routing.
The dynamic routing protocols we ‘ll use are the most widely used today: RIP, OSPF and BGP.
For some details on what these protocols are used for, and how they work, you can take a look at this post.
At the end of the post you will find details for the IPv6 versions of these protocols.
Note about notation: to indicate shell commands I’ll be using $, and for quagga commands #.
Introduction to the Quagga Shell
| Mode | Command | Run it from | Prompt |
|---|---|---|---|
| Priviledged mode | $ vtysh |
FreeBSD Shell | # |
| Configuration mode | # con t |
Priviledged Shell | (config)# |
| Interface Configuration mode | (config)# int <interface> |
Configuration Shell | (config-if)# |
| Router Configuration mode | (config)# router <router> |
Configuration Shell | (config-router)# |
To run a command that needs to be run in Priviledged mode, but through another prompt, prepend do to your command.
To exit a mode and return to the previous at any time, run exit or ex, or just hit Ctrl+Z.
To cancel a command, re-write it and prepend no.
To see all running configurations, run sh run.
Get help for command syntax with ? at any time.
You can run quagga commands from the shell directly with vtysh -c "my_command".
Save configuration:
# wr mem
Basic interface configuration
Enter interface configuration mode for em0:
(config)# int em0
Assign static address 192.168.1.1
(config-if)# ip addr 192.168.1.1
Shutdown interface:
(config-if)# shutdown
Watch for changes in interface status:
(config-if)# link-detect
Static routing with Quagga
Enable packet forwarding:
(config)# ip forwarding
Add static route to 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.1 with administrative distance 1 (optional):
(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.1 1
RIP Protocol
Enable RIP and enter router configuration mode for RIP:
(config)# router rip
Enable RIP on all interfaces that belong to the network with IP address 192.168.1.0/24:
(config-router)# net 192.168.1.0/24
Enable RIP on interface em0:
(config-router)# net em0
Set em0 to be a passive interface (does not send RIP updates):
(config-router)# passive-interface em0
Set RIP protocol version number (1 or 2):
(config-router)# version 1 (or 2)
Specify neighbor to unicast updates (important: RIPv2 by default RIP multicasts its updates through all associated interfaces, so this command must be combined with “passive-interface” to avoid sending simultaneously unicasts and multicasts)
(config-router)# neighbor 172.17.17.10
Change timers
(config-router)# timers basic <update> <timeout> <garbage>
See RIP status
# sh ip rip status
OSPF Protocol
Enable
Enter router configuration mode for OSPF:
(config)# router ospf
Set router ID to 1.1.1.1:
(config-router)# router-id 1.1.1.1
Configuration
Enable OSPF on interfaces that belong in the network 192.168.0.0/16 and relate them to area 1 (area 0 is the backbone):
(config-router)# network 192.168.0.0/16 area 1
Set interface em0 to be a passive interface (does not send OSPF advertisements):
(config-router)# passive-interface em0
Specify that area 1 is of type stub (has only one router):
(config-router)# area 1 stub
Specify network type (e.g. broadcast, point-to-point etc):
(config-if)# ospf network <type>
Information
Show OSPF general information and areas:
# show ip ospf
Show OSPF information about interface em0:
# show ip ospf interface em0
Show OSPF information about neighbors of interface em0:
# show ip ospf neighbor em0
Display LSDB:
# show ip ospf database
Display information for a specific type of LSA (e.g. router, network, summary etc):
# show ip ospf database <type>
Show OSPF routing table:
# show ip ospf route
Show ABRs:
# show ip ospf border-routers
BGP Protocol
Enable
Enter router configuration mode for bgp, in AS (autonomous system) 65010
(config)# router bgp 65010
Configuration
Add network 192.168.0.0/16 to be advertised by BGP (does not activate bgp) on corresponding interfaces:
(config-router)# network 192.168.0.0/16
Add router with IP 172.17.17.1 in list of BGP neighbors in AS 65020:
(config-router)# neighbor 172.17.17.1 remote-as 65020
Set the IP address 172.17.17.1 as router ID:
(config-router)# bgp router-id 172.17.17.1
Announce static/connected/rip/ospf routes respectively:
(config-router)# redistribute static/connected/rip/ospf
Aggregate network prefixes to reduce the size of BGP routing table:
(config-router)# aggregate-address
Information
Show general info that BGP has learned:
# show ip bgp
…or a short summary of them:
# show ip bgp summary
Show BGP path information for network 10.0.2.1:
# show ip bgp 10.0.2.1
Show info for BGP neighbors:
# show ip bgp neighbors
Show info for neighbor 172.17.17.1:
# show ip bgp neighbors 172.17.17.1
Show advertised routes to neighbor 172.17.17.1:
# show ip bgp neighbors 172.17.17.1 advertised-routes
Show routes that BGP learns from neighbor 172.17.17.1:
# show ip bgp neighbors 172.17.17.1 routes
Applying policies
Create a filter (prefix list) of permitted (permit) or denied (deny) prefixes with name PrefixListName:
(config)# ip prefix-list PrefixListName permit/deny prefix
Apply prefix list with name PrefixListName to neighbor 172.18.0.1 to incoming (in) or outgoing (out) traffic:
(config-router)# neighbor 172.18.0.1 prefix-list PrefixListName in/out
Create a route map and define order=100 (sequence to insert to/delete from existing route-map entry):
(config)# route-map RouteMapName permit/deny 100
Apply route map in neighbor 172.17.17.1 to incoming (in) or outgoing (out) traffic:
(config-router)# neighbor 172.17.17.1 route-map RouteMapName in/out
IPv6
General (Shell)
To enable ipv6 on em0 and accept Router Advertisement messages:
$ sysrc ifconfig_em0_ipv6="inet6 accept_rtadv"
Assign ipv6 address fd00:1::2/64 to interface em0:
$ ifconfig em0 inet6 fd00:1::2/64
Show routing table:
$ netstat -r6
Show ndp table (Neighbor Discovery Protocol - Substitute for ARP)
$ ndp -a
Add as default gateway the host fd00:1::1 :
$ route -6 add default fd00:1::1
Routing (Quagga)
Enable daemons for ipv6:
$ service quagga stop
$ touch /usr/local/etc/quagga/ripngd.conf
$ chown quagga:quagga /usr/local/etc/quagga/ripngd.conf
$ touch /usr/local/etc/quagga/ospf6d.conf
$ chown quagga:quagga /usr/local/etc/quagga/ospf6d.conf
$ sysrc quagga_daemons="zebra ripd ripngd ospfd opdf6d bgpd"
$ service quagga start
Assign address fd00:1::1/64 to an interface:
(config-if)# ipv6 a fd00:1::1/64
Show routing table for ipv6:
# sh ipv6 route
Static
Add static route to network fd00:2::/64 through fd00:3::2
(config)# ipv6 route fd00:2::/64 fd00:3::2
Dynamic
RIP
Enter router configuration mode for ripng:
(config)# router ripng
Enable RIP for ipv6 on interface em0:
(config-router)# net em0
OSPF
Enter router configuration mode for BGP:
(config)# router ospf6
Specify 1.1.1.1 as router ID:
(config-ospf6)# router-id 1.1.1.1
Activate ospf on interface em0 in area 0.0.0.0:
(config-ospf6)# int em0 area 0.0.0.0
BGP
Enter router configuration mode for BGP declaring autonomous system (AS) 65010
(config)# router bgp 65010
Set router ID 1.1.1.1:
(config-router)# bgp router-id 1.1.1.1
Disable IPv4 unicast for neighbor establishment (do this only if you use entirelly IPv6 addresses)
(config-router)# no bgp default ipv4-unicast
Declare router with address fd00:3::2 as neighbor in AS 65020:
(config-router)# neighbor fd00:3::2 remote-as 65020
Enter submenu for address family IPv6:
(config-router)# address-family ipv6
Advertise network fd00:2::/64
(config-router-af)# net fd00:1::/64
Enable neighbor relation with fd00:3::2 :
(config-router-af)# neighbor fd00:3::2 activate
I hope the series was helpful. If you have any questions, feel free to send me an email.